Natural Volatiles & Essential Oils
  • Journal
    • Article Template
    • Transfer Of Copyright
  • About
  • Editorial Board
  • Issues
  • Indexes
  • Announcements
Menu
  • Journal
    • Article Template
    • Transfer Of Copyright
  • About
  • Editorial Board
  • Issues
  • Indexes
  • Announcements
SUBMIT
  • Abstract
  • Keywords
  • References
  • Cite
  • Other Articles
  • Indexes and Platforms
2020, Volume 7, Issue 3, Pages 12 - 17
Chemical composition of the essential oil of Diospyros wallichii King & Gamble (Ebenaceae)

Wan Mohd Nuzul Hakimi Wan Salleh1, * and Shamsu1 Khamis2

1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, University Pendidikan Sultan Idris (UPSI), 35900 Tanjung Malim, Perak, MALAYSIA
2School of Environmental and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, MALAYSIA

*Corresponding author. Email: wmnhakimi@fsmt.upsi.edu.my

FULL TEXT: NVEO 2020, Volume 7, Issue 3, Pages 12-17

Abstract

The chemical composition of the essential oil from the leaves of Diospyros wallichii (Ebenaceae) growing in Malaysia was investigated for the first time. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation and fully characterized by gas chromatography (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 34 components (95.8%) were successfully identified in the essential oil which were characterized by high proportions of β-eudesmol (28.5%), caryophyllene oxide (9.5%), β-caryophyllene (7.2%), α-eudesmol (6.5%) and germacrene D (6.2%).

Keywords

Diospyros wallichii, essential oil, hydrodistillation, β-eudesmol, GC-MS

References

Adams, R. P. (2007). Identification of essential oil components by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy. Carol Stream (IL): Allured.

Byun, E. B., Kim, M. J., Kim, S. J., Oh, N. S., Park, S. H., Kim, W. S., Song, H. Y., Han, J., Kim, K., & Byun, E. H. (2020). Antioxidant activity and neuroprotective effects of ethanol extracts from the core of Diospyros kaki. Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology, 52, 60-66.

Chiou, L. C., Ling, J. Y., & Chang, C. C. (1995). β-Eudesmol as an antidote for intoxication from organophosphorus anticholinesterase agents. European Journal of Pharmacology, 292, 151-156.

Chiou, L. C., Ling, J. Y., & Chang, C. C. (1997). Chinese herb constituent β-eudesmol alleviated the electroshock seizures in mice and electrographic seizures in rat hippocampal slices. Neuroscience Letters, 231, 171-174.

Dhifi, W., Bellili, S., Jazi, S., Bahloul, N., & Mnif, W. (2016). Essential oils’ chemical characterization and investigation of some biological activities: A critical review. Medicines, 3, 25.

Feusso, H. M. F., Mvot Akak, C., Feussi Tala, M., Azebaze, A. G. B., Vardamides, J. C., & Laatsch, H. (2017). Mannic acid, a new ent-kaurane dimer diterpenoid and other chemical constituents from different parts of Diospyros mannii. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 74, 51-56.

Han, J., Kang, S., Choue, R., Kim, H., Leem, K., Chung, S., Kim, C., & Chung, J. (2002). Free radical scavenging effect of Diospyros kaki, Laminaria japonica and Undaria pinnatifida. Fitoterapia, 73, 710-712.

Jugreet, B. S., Suroowan, S. Rengasamy, R. R. K., & Mahomoodally, M. W. (2020). Chemistry, bioactivities, mode of action and industrial applications of essential oils. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 101, 89-105.

Kimura, Y., & Sumiyoshi, M. (2012). Effects of an Atractylodes lancea rhizome extract and a volatile component β-eudesmol on gastrointestinal motility in mice. Journal of Ethnopharmacolpgy, 141, 530-536.

Lim, D. Y., & Kee, Y. W. (2005). Influence of β-eudesmol on blood pressure. Natural Product Sciences, 11, 33-40.

Nematollahi, A., Aminimoghadamfarou, N., Bradshaw, T. D., & Wiart, C. (2012). In vitro cytotoxic activity of two malaysian rainforest plants on colon carcinoma cell-line. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, 2(1), 293-295.

Obara, Y., Aoki, T., Kusano, M., & Ohizumi, Y. (2002). β-Eudesmol induces neurite outgrowth in rat pheochromocytoma cells accompanied by an activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 301, 803-811.

Pino, J., Glory, L. C., & Fuentes, V. (2008). Volatile components of Mabolo (Diospyros blancoi A.DC.) Grown in Cuba. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 20(6), 506-508.

Plengsuriyakarn, T., Karbwang, J., & Na-Bangchang, K. (2015). Anticancer activity using positron emission tomography-computed tomography and pharmacokinetics of β-eudesmol in human cholangiocarcinoma xenografted nude mouse model. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology, 42, 293-304.

Rauf, A., Uddin, G., Khan, H., Arfan, M., & Siddiqui, B. S. (2016). Bioassay-guided isolation of antibacterial constituents from Diospyros lotus roots. Natural Product Research, 30, 426-428.

Salae, A. W., Karalai, C., Ponglimanont, C., Kanjana-Opas, A., & Yuenyongsawad, S. (2010). Naphthalene derivatives from Diospyros wallichii. Canadian Journal of Chemistry, 88, 922-927.

Salleh, W. M. N. H. W., Ahmad, F., & Khong, H. Y. (2014a). Chemical compositions and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of Piper abbreviatum, P. erecticaule and P. lanatum (Piperaceae). Natural Product Communications, 9(12), 1795-1798.

Salleh, W. M. N. H. W., Ahmad, F., & Khong, H. Y. (2014b). Chemical composition of Piper stylosum Miq. and Piper ribesioides Wall. essential oils and their antioxidant, antimicrobial and tyrosinase inhibition activities. Boletin Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromaticas, 13(5), 488-497.

Salleh, W. M. N. H. W., Ahmad, F., & Khong, H. Y. (2014c). Antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase activities from Piper officinarum C.DC (Piperaceae). Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4(5), 87-91.

Salleh, W. M. N. H. W., Kamil, F., Ahmad, F., & Sirat, H. M. (2015). Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of essential oil and extracts of Piper miniatum. Natural Product Communications, 10(11), 2005-2008.

Salleh, W. M. N. H. W., & Ahmad, F. (2016a). Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of essential oils of Actinodaphne macrophylla and A. pruinosa (Lauraceae). Natural Product Communications, 11(6), 853-855.

Salleh, W. M. N. H. W., Ahmad, F., Khong, H. Y., & Zulkifli, R. M. (2016b). Essential oil composition of Malaysian Lauraceae: A mini review. Pharmaceutical Sciences, 22(1), 60-67.

Salleh, W. M. N. H. W., Ahmad, F., Khong, H. Y., Zulkifli, R. M., Sarker, S. D. (2016c). Madangones A and B: Two new neolignans from the stem bark of Beilschmiedia madang and their bioactivities. Phytochemistry Letters, 15, 168-173.

Smith, R. M., & Belardo, L. O. (1992). Volatile compounds from the fruit peelings of Diospyros discolor Willd. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 4, 287-289.

Smitinand, T. (2001). Thai Plant Names. The Forest Herbarium, Royal Forest Dept., Bangkok.

Su, Y. C., Hsu, K. P., Wang, E. I. C., & Ho, C. L. (2015). Composition, in vitro cytotoxic, and antimicrobial activities of the flower essential oil of Diospyros discolor from Taiwan. Natural Product Communications, 10, 1311-1314.

Sulub-Tun, R. A., Rodríguez-García, C. M., Peraza-Echeverría, L., Torres-Tapia, L. W., Peraza-Sánchez, S. R., Pérez-Brito, D., & Vera-Ku, B. M. (2020). Antifungal activity of wild and nursery Diospyros cuneata, a native species of dune scrub. South African Journal of Botany, 131, 484-493.

Tameye, N. S. J., Akak, C. M., Happi, G. M., Frese, M., Stammler, H. G., Neumann, B., Lenta, B. N., Sewald, N., & Nkengfack, A. E. (2020). Antioxidant norbergenin derivatives from the leaves of Diospyros gilletii De Wild (Ebenaceae). Phytochemistry Letters, 36, 63-67.

The Plant List (2012). Version 1. Retrieved from http://www.theplantlist.org/

Tsuneki, H., Ma, E. L., Kobayashi, S., Sekizaki, N., Maekawa, K., Sasaoka, T., Wang, M. W., & Kimura, I. (2005). Antiangiogenic activity of β-eudesmol in vitro and in vivo. European Journal of Pharmacology, 512, 105-115.

Utsunomiya, N., Subhadrabandhu, S., Yonemori, K., Oshida, M., Kanzaki, S., Nakatsubo, F., & Sugiura, A. (1998). Diospyros species in Thailand: their distribution, fruit morphologhy and uses. Economic Botany, 52, 343-351.

Viswanathan, M. B., Maridass, M., Thangadurai, & D., Ramesh, N. (2002). Chemical constituents of the fruit essential oil of Diospyros malabarica (Desr.) Kostel (Ebenaceae). Acta Pharmaceutica, 52, 207-211.

Wisetsai, A., Schevenels, F. T., & Lekphrom, R. (2019). Chemical constituents and their biological activities from the roots of Diospyros filipendula. Natural Product Research, in press. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2019.1656630

Yang, H. Q., Chen, G. H., Dong, S., Sun, Z., Wang, Y., Luo, X., Chen, B., Yao, G., Gao, Y., Chunxia, L. V., Zheng, D., Zhao, Y., Wang, T., Yan, S., & Yang, Y. (2020). Chemical constituents and medical function of leaves of Diospyros lotus L. Thermal Science, 24, 1633-1639.

Yang, Y. P., & Liu, H. Y. (1999). Manual of Taiwan vascular plants. Council of Agriculture, Taipei, Taiwan.

Cite
Bibtex @araştırma makalesi { nveo746965, journal = {Natural Volatiles and Essential Oils}, issn = {}, eissn = {2148-9637}, address = {}, publisher = {Badebio Biotechnology Ltd.}, year = {2020}, volume = {7}, pages = {12 – 17}, doi = {}, title = {Chemical composition of the essential oil of Diospyros wallichii King \& Gamble (Ebenaceae)}, key = {cite}, author = {Salleh, Wan Mohd Nuzul Hakimi Wan and Khami̇s, Shamsul} }
APA Salleh, W , Khami̇s, S . (2020). Chemical composition of the essential oil of Diospyros wallichii King & Gamble (Ebenaceae) . Natural Volatiles and Essential Oils , 7 (3) , 12-17 . Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/nveo/issue/56705/746965
MLA Salleh, W , Khami̇s, S . “Chemical composition of the essential oil of Diospyros wallichii King & Gamble (Ebenaceae)” . Natural Volatiles and Essential Oils 7 (2020 ): 12-17 <https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/nveo/issue/56705/746965>
Chicago Salleh, W , Khami̇s, S . “Chemical composition of the essential oil of Diospyros wallichii King & Gamble (Ebenaceae)”. Natural Volatiles and Essential Oils 7 (2020 ): 12-17
RIS TY – JOUR T1 – Chemical composition of the essential oil of Diospyros wallichii King & Gamble (Ebenaceae) AU – Wan Mohd Nuzul Hakimi Wan Salleh , Shamsul Khami̇s Y1 – 2020 PY – 2020 N1 – DO – T2 – Natural Volatiles and Essential Oils JF – Journal JO – JOR SP – 12 EP – 17 VL – 7 IS – 3 SN – -2148-9637 M3 – UR – Y2 – 2020 ER –
EndNote %0 Natural Volatiles and Essential Oils Chemical composition of the essential oil of Diospyros wallichii King & Gamble (Ebenaceae) %A Wan Mohd Nuzul Hakimi Wan Salleh , Shamsul Khami̇s %T Chemical composition of the essential oil of Diospyros wallichii King & Gamble (Ebenaceae) %D 2020 %J Natural Volatiles and Essential Oils %P -2148-9637 %V 7 %N 3 %R %U
ISNAD Salleh, Wan Mohd Nuzul Hakimi Wan , Khami̇s, Shamsul . “Chemical composition of the essential oil of Diospyros wallichii King & Gamble (Ebenaceae)”. Natural Volatiles and Essential Oils 7 / 3 (Eylül 2020): 12-17 .
AMA Salleh W , Khami̇s S . Chemical composition of the essential oil of Diospyros wallichii King & Gamble (Ebenaceae). Nat. Volatiles & Essent. Oils. 2020; 7(3): 12-17.
Vancouver Salleh W , Khami̇s S . Chemical composition of the essential oil of Diospyros wallichii King & Gamble (Ebenaceae). Natural Volatiles and Essential Oils. 2020; 7(3): 12-17.

FULL TEXT: NVEO 2020, Volume 7, Issue 3, Pages 12-17

OTHER ARTICLES
  • 2020 - Volume 7
  • 2019 - Volume 6
  • 2018 - Volume 5
  • 2017 - Volume 4
  • 2016 - Volume 3
  • 2015 - Volume 2
  • 2014 - Volume 1

2020 - Volume 7

  • Issues
  • Volume 7, Issue 4
    • 2020, Volume 7, Issue 4, Pages 1 – 7
    • 2020, Volume 7, Issue 4, Pages 8 – 13
    • 2020, Volume 7, Issue 4, Pages 14 – 25
    • 2020, Volume 7, Issue 4, Pages 26 – 33
    • 2020, Volume 7, Issue 4, Pages 34 – 40
    • FULL ISSUE: NVEO 2020, Volume 7, Issue 4
  • Volume 7, Issue 3
    • 2020, Volume 7, Issue 3, Pages 1 – 11
    • 2020, Volume 7, Issue 3, Pages 12 – 17
    • 2020, Volume 7, Issue 3, Pages 18 – 28
    • 2020, Volume 7, Issue 3, Pages 29 – 50
    • 2020, Volume 7, Issue 3, Pages 51 – 54
    • 2020, Volume 7, Issue 3, Pages 55 – 60
    • FULL ISSUE: NVEO 2020, Volume 7, Issue 3
  • Volume 7, Issue 2
    • 2020, Volume 7, Issue 2, Pages 1 – 9
    • 2020, Volume 7, Issue 2, Pages 10 – 16
    • 2020, Volume 7, Issue 2, Pages 17 – 21
    • 2020, Volume 7, Issue 2, Pages 22 – 34
    • 2020, Volume 7, Issue 2, Pages 35 – 43
    • FULL ISSUE: NVEO 2020, Volume 7, Issue 2
  • Volume 7, Issue 1
    • 2020, Volume 7, Issue 1, Pages 1 – 8
    • 2020, Volume 7, Issue 1, Pages 9 – 17
    • 2020, Volume 7, Issue 1, Pages 18 – 25
    • 2020, Volume 7, Issue 1, Pages 26 – 29
    • 2020, Volume 7, Issue 1, Pages 30 – 33
    • FULL ISSUE: NVEO 2020, Volume 7, Issue 1

2019 - Volume 6

  • Issues
  • Volume 6, Issue 4
    • 2019, Volume 6, Issue 4, Pages 1 – 5
    • 2019, Volume 6, Issue 4, Pages 6 – 12
    • 2019, Volume 6, Issue 4, Pages 13 – 20
    • 2019, Volume 6, Issue 4, Pages 21 – 25
    • FULL ISSUE: NVEO 2019, Volume 6, Issue 4
  • Volume 6 Special Issue
    • 2019 VOLUME 6, SPECIAL ISSUE, PAGES 1 – 210
  • Volume 6, Issue 3
    • 2019, Volume 6, Issue 3, Pages 1 – 7
    • 2019, Volume 6, Issue 3, Pages 8 – 15
    • 2019, Volume 6, Issue 3, Pages 16-23
    • 2019, Volume 6, Issue 3, Pages 24-27
  • Volume 6, Issue 2
    • 2019, Volume 6, Issue 2, Pages 1 – 8
    • 2019, Volume 6, Issue 2, Pages 9 – 19
    • 2019, Volume 6, Issue 2, Pages 20 – 24
    • 2019, Volume 6, Issue 2, Pages 25 – 31
    • 2019, Volume 6, Issue 2, Obituary, Prof. Dr. Jan Karlsen / Pages i – ii
    • FULL ISSUE: NVEO 2019, Volume 6, Issue 2
  • Volume 6, Issue 1
    • 2019 Volume 6, Issue 1, Pages 01 – 17
    • 2019 Volume 6, Issue 1, Pages 18 – 24
    • 2019, Volume 6, Issue 1, Pages 25 – 33
    • 2019, Volume 6, Issue 1, Pages 34 – 39
    • 2019, Volume 6, Issue 1, Pages 40 – 46
    • FULL ISSUE: NVEO 2019, Volume 6, Issue 1

2018 - Volume 5

  • Issues
  • Volume 5, Issue 4
    • 2018 Volume 5, Issue 4, Pages 1 – 28
    • 2018 Volume 5, Issue 4, Pages 29 – 34
    • 2018 Volume 5, Issue 4, Pages 35 – 38
    • FULL ISSUE: NVEO 2018, Volume 5, Issue 4
  • Volume 5, Issue 3
    • 2018 Volume 5, Issue 3, Pages 1 – 6
    • 2018 Volume 5, Issue 3, Pages 7 – 12
    • 2018 Volume 5, Issue 3, Pages 13 – 16
    • FULL ISSUE: NVEO 2018, Volume 5, Issue 3
  • Volume 5, Issue 2
    • 2018 Volume 5, Issue 2, Pages 1 – 9
    • 2018 Volume 5, Issue 2, Pages 10-18
    • 2018 Volume 5, Issue 2, Pages 19-23
    • FULL ISSUE: NVEO 2018, Volume 5, Issue 2
  • Volume 5, Issue 1
    • 2018 Volume 5, Issue 1, Pages 1 – 6
    • 2018 Volume 5, Issue 1, Pages 7 – 10
    • 2018 Volume 5, Issue 1, Pages 11-16
    • 2018 Volume 5, Issue 1, Pages 17 – 22
    • 2018 Volume 5, Issue 1, Pages 23-28
    • FULL ISSUE: NVEO 2018, Volume 5, Issue 1

2017 - Volume 4

  • Issues
  • Volume 4, Issue 4
    • 2017 Volume 4, Issue 4, Pages 1-13
    • 2017, Volume 4, Issue 4, Pages 14-27
    • 2017, Volume 4, Issue 4, Pages 28-48
    • 2017, Volume 4, Issue 4, Pages 49-61
    • 2017, Volume 4, Issue 4, Pages 62-68
    • FULL ISSUE: NVEO 2017, Volume 4, Issue 4
  • Volume 4, Issue 3
    • 2017, Volume 4, Issue 3, Pages 1 – 169
  • Volume 4, Issue 2
    • 2017, Volume 4, Issue 2, Pages 1 – 116
  • Volume 4, Issue 1
    • 2017, Volume 4, Issue 1, Pages 1 – 7
    • 2017, Volume 4, Issue 1, Pages 8 – 13
    • 2017, Volume 4, Issue 1, Pages 14 – 17
    • 2017, Volume 4, Issue 1, Pages 18 – 28
    • 2017, Volume 4, Issue 1, Pages 29 – 32
    • FULL ISSUE: NVEO 2017, Volume 4, Issue 1

2016 - Volume 3

  • Issues
  • Volume 3, Issue 4
    • 2016, Volume 3, Issue 4, Pages-1-7
    • 2016, Volume 3, Issue 4, Pages 8 – 12
    • 2016, Volume 3, Issue 4, Pages 13 – 23
    • 2016, Volume 3, Issue 4, Pages 24 – 28
    • 2016, Volume 3, Issue 4, Pages 29 – 32
    • FULL ISSUE: NVEO 2016, Volume 3, Issue 4
  • Volume 3, Issue 3
    • 2016, Volume 3, Issue 3, Pages 1 – 171
  • Volume 3, Issue 2
    • 2016, Volume 3, Issue 2, Pages 1 – 8
    • 2016, Volume 3, Issue 2, Pages 9 – 14
    • 2016, Volume 3, Issue 2, Pages 15 – 19
    • 2016, Volume 3, Issue 2, Pages 20 – 25
    • 2016, Volume 3, Issue 2, Pages 26 – 34
    • FULL ISSUE: NVEO 2016, Volume 3, Issue 2
  • Volume 3, Issue 1
    • 2016, Volume 3, Issue 1, Pages 1 – 14
    • 2016, Volume 3, Issue 1, Pages 15 – 17
    • 2016, Volume 3, Issue 1, Pages 18 – 22
    • 2016, Volume 3, Issue 1, Pages 23 – 30
    • 2016, Volume 3, Issue 1, Pages 31 – 34
    • FULL ISSUE: NVEO 2016, Volume 3, Issue 1

2015 - Volume 2

  • Issues
  • Volume 2, Issue 4
    • 2015, Volume 2, Issue 4, Pages 1 – 3
    • 2015, Volume 2, Issue 4, Pages 4 – 10
    • 2015, Volume 2, Issue 4, Pages 11 – 16
    • 2015, Volume 2, Issue 4, Pages 17 – 26
    • 2015, Volume 2, Issue 4, Pages 27 – 39
    • 2015, Volume 2, Issue 4, Erratum
    • FULL ISSUE: NVEO 2015, Volume 2, Issue 4
  • Volume 2, Issue 3
    • 2015, Volume 2, Issue 3, Pages 1 – 148
  • Volume 2, Issue 2
    • 2015, Volume 2, Issue 2, Pages 1 – 15
    • 2015, Volume 2, Issue 2, Pages 16 – 29
    • 2015, Volume 2, Issue 2, Pages 30 – 38
    • 2015, Volume 2, Issue 2, Pages 39- 44
    • 2015, Volume 2, Issue 2, Pages 45 – 51
    • 2015, Volume 2, Issue 2, Pages 52 – 56
    • FULL ISSUE: NVEO 2015, Volume 2, Issue 2
  • Volume 2, Issue 1
    • 2015, Volume 2, Issue 1, Pages 1 – 10
    • 2015, Volume 2, Issue 1, Pages 11 – 21
    • 2015, Volume 2, Issue 1, Pages 22 – 31
    • 2015, Volume 2, Issue 1, Pages 32 – 36
    • 2015, Volume 2, Issue 1, Pages 37 – 48
    • FULL ISSUE: NVEO 2015, Volume 2, Issue 1

2014 - Volume 1

  • Issues
  • Volume 1, Issue 2
    • 2014, Volume 1, Issue 2, Pages 1 – 285
  • Volume 1, Issue 1
    • 2014, Volume 1, Issue 1, Pages 1 – 50
    • 2014, Volume 1, Issue 1, Pages 51 – 54
    • 2014, Volume 1, Issue 1, Pages 55 – 59
    • 2014, Volume 1, Issue 1, Pages 60 – 65
    • 2014, Volume 1, Issue 1, Pages 66 – 72
    • 2014, Volume 1, Issue 1, Pages 73 – 79
    • FULL ISSUE: NVEO 2014, Volume 1, Issue 1
INDEXES AND PLATFORMS
CABI - Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International
CAS Source Index (CASSI)
Directory of Research Journals Indexing (DRJI)
Elsevier Scopus
EZB Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek
Scholars Impact
WorldCat
Zeitschriftendatenbank (ZDB)
Index Copernicus
Scimago Journal & Country Rank
Previous
Next
DergiPark
  • Journal
    • Article Template
    • Transfer Of Copyright
  • About
  • Editorial Board
  • Issues
  • Indexes
  • Announcements
  • Contact
Menu
  • Journal
    • Article Template
    • Transfer Of Copyright
  • About
  • Editorial Board
  • Issues
  • Indexes
  • Announcements
  • Contact

NVEO – Natural Volatiles & Essential Oils
NVEO published by Badebio Biotechnology Ltd.

info@nveo.org
info@badebio.com
Anadolu University, Technopark No: 104 26470-Eskisehir /TURKEY
Facebook Instagram
© 2021 NVEO – NATURAL VOLATILES & ESSENTIAL OILS
 Powered by Sakyazi