Juan Antonio Llorens-Molina1,*, Sandra Vacas2, Enrique Burgals Royo3, María Pilar Santamarina Siurana4, Mercedes Verdeguer Sancho1
1Mediterranean Agroforestry Institute, Universitat Politècnica de València, CPI Bldg. 8E (acc.F), Camí de Vera, s/n, 46022, València, SPAIN
2Centre for Agricultural Chemical Ecology (Mediterranean Agroforestry Institute), Universitat Politècnica de València, Bldg. 6C, Camí de Vera, s/n, 46022, València, SPAIN
3School of Agricultural Engineering and Environment, Universitat Politècnica de València, Bldg. 3P, Camí de Vera, s/n, 46022, València, SPAIN
4Department of Agroforest Ecosystems, Universitat Politècnica de València, Bldg. 3J, Camí de Vera, s/n, 46022, València, SPAIN
*Corresponding author. Email: juallom2@qim.upv.es
FULL TEXT: NVEO 2020, Volume 7, Issue 3, Pages 29-50
Abstract
Chemodiversity of wild populations of aromatic plants is a valuable source of essential oils, whose composition may be suitable for specific purposes according their biological activity. Furthermore, knowing the intrapopulational variability based on individual analysis has allowed characterizing atypical profiles, which can reach high levels of active compounds. Obviously, it requires the treatment of a high number of individual samples. In this work, a methodology to characterize T. vulgaris profiles in an area of recognized biodiversity was proposed and applied. After Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) screening data of 85 individual samples, 7 groups, and 13 individuals were classified. Then, 20 samples were subjected to GC/MS and GC/FID analysis, respectively. These data were subjected to Hierarchical Agglomerative, Discriminant Analysis and ANOVA, which finally highlighted five profiles: (1) based on the camphane skeleton (camphene, camphor and borneol), (2) rich in the oxygenated sesquiterpenic fraction, (3) rich in 1,8-cineole, with appreciable amounts of camphor and borneol (typical chemotype from Eastern Iberian Peninsula), (4) camphor and terpinen-4-ol as major compounds, and (5) linalool chemotype. It should be noted that the percentages of the main compounds in these groups were higher than some of those described in the literature for similar chemotypes. In summary, the preliminary screening by TLC, grouping individuals with similar profiles, allowed establishing a quick first approximation to the chemodiversity of T. vulgaris in the studied area. Furthermore, the analysis of unclassified and potentially atypical individuals has also provided valuable information to establish the final profiles.
Keywords
T. vulgaris, thin layer chromatography, chemodiversity, atypical individuals, wild populations
References
Adams, R. P. (2007). Identification of essential oil components by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Vol. 456). Carol Stream, IL: Allured publishing corporation U.S.
Anupama, G., Netravathi, D. K., & Avinash, M. (2019). Essential oils: A novel source for food preservation. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 8(1), 2098-2101.
Bakkali, F., Averbeck, S., Averbeck, D., & Idaomar, M. (2008). Biological effects of essential oils–a review. Food and chemical toxicology, 46(2), 446-475.
Bernath, J. (2001). Strategies and recent achievements in selection of medicinal and aromatic plants. International Conference on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. Possibilities and Limitations of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant. Acta Horticulturae, 576, 115-128.
Blazquez, M. A., & Zafra-Polo, M. C. (1990). A new chemotype of Thymus vulgaris ssp. aestivus (Reuter ex Willk.) A. Bolós & O. Bolós. Pharmazie, 45(10), 802-803.
Calo, J. R., Crandall, P. G., O’Bryan, C. A., & Ricke, S. C. (2015). Essential oils as antimicrobials in food systems–A review. Food Control, 54, 111-119.
Cao, H.; Li, Z. & Chen, X., (2011). QSRR study of GC retention indices of volatile compounds emitted from Mosla chinensis Maxim by multiply linear regression. Chinese Journal of Chemistry, 29 (10), 2187-2196.
Chapman, R. E. (2009). Terpene chemistry of Lemon verbena (Aloysia citriodora): natural variation and response to ecological and agricultural variables (Doctoral dissertation, uga). Retrieved from: https://getd.libs.uga.edu/pdfs/chapman_rebekah_e_200908_phd.pdf.
Cordell, G. A. (2000). Biodiversity and drug discovery—a symbiotic relationship. Phytochemistry, 55(6), 463-480.
De Frutos, M., Sanz, J., & Martínez-Castro, I. (1988). Simultaneous distillation-extraction (SDE) method in the qualitative and quantitative GC analysis of cheese volatile components. Chromatographia, 25(10), 861-864.
Delpit, B., Lamy, J., Holland, F., Chalchat, J. C., & Garry, R. P. (2000). Clonal selection of sabinene hydrate-rich thyme (Thymus vulgaris). Yield and chemical composition of essential oils. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 12(3), 387-391.
Dudai, N. (2011). Domestication and breeding of wild medicinal and aromatic plants-Thirty years of experience in Israel. In I International Symposium on Medicinal, Aromatic and Nutraceutical Plants from Mountainous Areas (MAP-Mountain 2011), 955, 175-183.
Edris, A. E. (2007). Pharmaceutical and therapeutic potentials of essential oils and their individual volatile constituents: a review. Phytotherapy Research: An International Journal Devoted to Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Natural Product Derivatives, 21(4), 308-323.
El-Banna, H. Y. (2017). Micropropagation of thyme plant (Thymus vulgaris). Journal of Plant Production, 8(11), 1221-1227.
Embuscado, M. E. (2015). Spices and herbs: Natural sources of antioxidants–a mini review. Journal of Functional Foods, 18, 811-819.
igueiredo, A. C., Barroso, J. G., Pedro, L. G., & Scheffer, J. J. (2008). Factors affecting secondary metabolite production in plants: volatile components and essential oils. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 23(4), 213-226.
Franz, C. M. (2010). Essential oil research: past, present and future. Flavour and fragrance Journal, 25(3), 112-113.
Gallego, P. P. F., Peris, A. N., Lumbreras, E. L., & Mateo, G. (2013). Thymus vulgaris subsp. mansanetianus subsp. nov. (Lamiaceae). Flora Montiberica, 54, 144-149.
Giordani, R., Regli, P., Kaloustian, J., Mikail, C., Abou, L., & Portugal, H. (2004). Antifungal effect of various essential oils against Candidaalbicans. Potentiation of antifungal action of amphotericin B by essential oil from Thymus vulgaris. Phytotherapy Research, 18(12), 990-995.
Guillen, M. D., & Manzanos, M. J. (1998). Study of the composition of the different parts of a Spanish Thymus vulgaris L. plant. Food Chemistry, 63(3), 373-383.
Hosseinzadeh, S., Jafarikukhdan, A., Hosseini, A., & Armand, R. (2015). The application of medicinal plants in traditional and modern medicine: a review of Thymus vulgaris. International Journal of Clinical Medicine, 6(09), 635.
Imelouane, B., Amhamdi, H., Wathelet, J. P., Ankit, M., Khedid, K., & El Bachiri, A. (2009). Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oil of thyme (Thymus vulgaris) from Eastern Morocco. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 11(2), 205-208.
Jordán, M. J., Martínez, R. M., Goodner, K. L., Baldwin, E. A., & Sotomayor, J. A. (2006). Seasonal variation of Thymus hyemalis Lange and Spanish Thymus vulgaris L. essential oils composition. Industrial Crops and Products, 24(3), 253-263.
Judzentiene, A. (2016). Atypical chemical profiles of wild yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.) essential oils. Records of Natural Products, 10(2), 262.
Kazemi, M. (2015). Phytochemical composition of Thymus vulgaris L. essential oil. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 18(3), 751-753.
Keefover‐Ring, K., Thompson, J. D., & Linhart, Y. B. (2009). Beyond six scents: defining a seventh Thymus vulgaris chemotype new to southern France by ethanol extraction. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 24(3), 117-122.
Kindlovits, S., & Németh, É. (2012). Sources of variability of yarrow (Achillea SPP.) essential oil. Acta Alimentaria, 41(Supplement 1), 92-103.
Kohiyama, C. Y., Ribeiro, M. M. Y., Mossini, S. A. G., Bando, E., da Silva Bomfim, N., Nerilo, S. B., & Machinski Jr, M. (2015). Antifungal properties and inhibitory effects upon aflatoxin production of Thymus vulgaris L. by Aspergillus flavus Link. Food Chemistry, 173, 1006-1010.
Koo, M. (2017). A bibliometric analysis of two decades of aromatherapy research. BMC research notes, 10(1), 46.
Kuete, V. (2017). Thymus vulgaris. In Kuete V. (Ed.), Medicinal spices and vegetables from Africa (599-609). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Kulevanova, M. Ristić, T. Stafilov, K. Dorevski and T. Ristov, T. (1996). Essential Oil Analysis of Some Taxa of Genera Thymus L. Environment Influences. Bulletin of the Chemists and Technologists of Macedonia, 15(1), 33-38.
Llorens-Molina, J. A., Castell, V., Vacas, S., & Verdeguer, M. (2017). TLC-GC/MS Method for identifying and selecting valuable essential Oil Chemotypes from Wild Populations of Mentha longifolia L. Natural Volatiles & Essential Oils, 4(4), 49-61.
Llorens-Molina, J. A., Vacas, S., Castell, V., & Verdeguer, M. (2020). Seasonal variations of essential oils from five accessions of Mentha longifolia (L.) L. with selected chemical profiles. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 1-10.
Mancini, E., Senatore, F., Del Monte, D., De Martino, L., Grulova, D., Scognamiglio, M., … & De Feo, V. (2015). Studies on chemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of five Thymus vulgaris L. essential oils. Molecules, 20(7), 12016-12028.
Mateo, G., & Crespo, M. B. (2014). Claves ilustradas para la flora valenciana. Monografías de Flora Montiberica, 6, 300-302, Jaca (Spain): Jolube Ed.
Miraj, S., & Kiani, S. (2016). Study of pharmacological effect of Thymus vulgaris: A review. Der Pharmacia Lettre, 8(9), 315-320.
Németh-Zámboriné, E. (2016). Natural variability of essential oil components. In Baser, K. H. C., & Buchbauer, G. (Eds.), Handbook of Essential Oils: Science, Technology, and Applications, 87-125, Boca Ratón (Florida): CRC press.
Njenga, E. W. (2005). The chemotaxonomy, phylogeny and biological activity of the genus Eriocephalus L. (Asteraceae) (Doctoral dissertation, University of the Witwatersrand). Retrieved from: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/50df/ce641ce94babc17d7df54eb1260cf10ac123.pdf
Pothier, J., Galand, N., El Ouali, M., & Viel, C. (2001). Comparison of planar chromatographic methods (TLC, OPLC, AMD) applied to essential oils of wild thyme and seven chemotypes of thyme. Il Farmaco, 56(5-7), 505-511.
Quesada, J., Sendra, E., Navarro, C., & Sayas-Barberá, E. (2016). Antimicrobial active packaging including chitosan films with Thymus vulgaris L. essential oil for ready-to-eat meat. Foods, 5(3), 57.
Reddy, P. V., Vital, K. R., Varsha, P. V., & Satyam, S. (2014). Review on Thymus vulgaris traditional uses and pharmacological properties. Medicinal & Aromatic Plants, 3(164), 2167-0412.
Sáez, F. & Stahl-Biskup, E. (2002). Essential Oil Polymorphism in the Genus Thymus. In Stahl-Biskup, E., & Sáez, F. (Eds.), Thyme: the genus Thymus. Boca Ratón (Florida): CRC Press.
Salas, J. B., Téllez, T. R., Pardo, F. M. V., Capdevila, M. D. L. Á. C., & Alonso, M. J. P. (2014). Variabilidad quimiotaxonómica del “tomillo salsero” Thymus zygis sl en Extremadura (España). Folia Botanica Extremadurensis, 8, 55-64.
Sánchez-González, L., Vargas, M., González-Martínez, C., Chiralt, A., & Chafer, M. (2011). Use of essential oils in bioactive edible coatings: a review. Food Engineering Reviews, 3(1), 1-16.
Satyal, P., Murray, B. L., McFeeters, R. L., & Setzer, W. N. (2016). Essential oil characterization of Thymus vulgaris from various geographical locations. Foods, 5(4), 70.
Taylor, J. L. S., Rabe, T., McGaw, L. J., Jäger, A. K., & Van Staden, J. (2001). Towards the scientific validation of traditional medicinal plants. Plant growth regulation, 34(1), 23-37.
Thompson, J. D., Chalchat, J. C., Michet, A., Linhart, Y. B., & Ehlers, B. (2003). Qualitative and quantitative variation in monoterpene co-occurrence and composition in the essential oil of Thymus vulgaris chemotypes. Journal of chemical ecology, 29(4), 859-880.
Torras, J., Grau, M. D., López, J. F., & de las Heras, F. X. C. (2007). Analysis of essential oils from chemotypes of Thymus vulgaris in Catalonia. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 87(12), 2327-2333.
Tripathi, A. K., Upadhyay, S., Bhuiyan, M., & Bhattacharya, P. R. (2009). A review on prospects of essential oils as biopesticide in insect-pest management. Journal of Pharmacognosy and phytotherapy, 1(5), 52-63.
Tworkoski, T. (2002). Herbicide effects of essential oils. Weed science, 50(4), 425-431.
Verpoorte, R. (1998). Exploration of nature’s chemodiversity: the role of secondary metabolites as leads in drug development. Drug Discovery Today, 3(5), 232-238.
Wagner, H., & Bladt, S. (1996). Plant Drug Analysis: A Thin Layer Chromatography Atlas. Springer Science & Business Media.
Zygmunt, P. M., Larsson, B., Sterner, O., Vinge, E., & Högestätt, E. D. (1993). Calcium Antagonistic Properties of the Sesquiterpene T‐Cadinol and Related Substances: Structure‐Activity Studies. Pharmacology & toxicology, 73(1), 3-9.
Cite
| Bibtex | @araştırma makalesi { nveo722313, journal = {Natural Volatiles and Essential Oils}, issn = {}, eissn = {2148-9637}, address = {}, publisher = {Badebio Biotechnology Ltd.}, year = {2020}, volume = {7}, pages = {29 – 50}, doi = {}, title = {Chemodiversity of wild populations of aromatic plants as source of valuable essential oil profiles. A study on Thymus vulgaris L. from Valencia (Spain)}, key = {cite}, author = {Llorens-moli̇na, Juan Antonio and Vacas, Sandra and Burgals, Enrique and Santamari̇na, Mª Pilar and Verdeguer, Mercedes} } |
| APA | Llorens-moli̇na, J , Vacas, S , Burgals, E , Santamari̇na, M , Verdeguer, M . (2020). Chemodiversity of wild populations of aromatic plants as source of valuable essential oil profiles. A study on Thymus vulgaris L. from Valencia (Spain) . Natural Volatiles and Essential Oils , 7 (3) , 29-50 . Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/nveo/issue/56705/722313 |
| MLA | Llorens-moli̇na, J , Vacas, S , Burgals, E , Santamari̇na, M , Verdeguer, M . “Chemodiversity of wild populations of aromatic plants as source of valuable essential oil profiles. A study on Thymus vulgaris L. from Valencia (Spain)” . Natural Volatiles and Essential Oils 7 (2020 ): 29-50 <https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/nveo/issue/56705/722313> |
| Chicago | Llorens-moli̇na, J , Vacas, S , Burgals, E , Santamari̇na, M , Verdeguer, M . “Chemodiversity of wild populations of aromatic plants as source of valuable essential oil profiles. A study on Thymus vulgaris L. from Valencia (Spain)”. Natural Volatiles and Essential Oils 7 (2020 ): 29-50 |
| RIS | TY – JOUR T1 – Chemodiversity of wild populations of aromatic plants as source of valuable essential oil profiles. A study on Thymus vulgaris L. from Valencia (Spain) AU – Juan Antonio Llorens-moli̇na , Sandra Vacas , Enrique Burgals , Mª Pilar Santamari̇na , Mercedes Verdeguer Y1 – 2020 PY – 2020 N1 – DO – T2 – Natural Volatiles and Essential Oils JF – Journal JO – JOR SP – 29 EP – 50 VL – 7 IS – 3 SN – -2148-9637 M3 – UR – Y2 – 2020 ER – |
| EndNote | %0 Natural Volatiles and Essential Oils Chemodiversity of wild populations of aromatic plants as source of valuable essential oil profiles. A study on Thymus vulgaris L. from Valencia (Spain) %A Juan Antonio Llorens-moli̇na , Sandra Vacas , Enrique Burgals , Mª Pilar Santamari̇na , Mercedes Verdeguer %T Chemodiversity of wild populations of aromatic plants as source of valuable essential oil profiles. A study on Thymus vulgaris L. from Valencia (Spain) %D 2020 %J Natural Volatiles and Essential Oils %P -2148-9637 %V 7 %N 3 %R %U |
| ISNAD | Llorens-moli̇na, Juan Antonio , Vacas, Sandra , Burgals, Enrique , Santamari̇na, Mª Pilar , Verdeguer, Mercedes . “Chemodiversity of wild populations of aromatic plants as source of valuable essential oil profiles. A study on Thymus vulgaris L. from Valencia (Spain)”. Natural Volatiles and Essential Oils 7 / 3 (Eylül 2020): 29-50 . |
| AMA | Llorens-moli̇na J , Vacas S , Burgals E , Santamari̇na M , Verdeguer M . Chemodiversity of wild populations of aromatic plants as source of valuable essential oil profiles. A study on Thymus vulgaris L. from Valencia (Spain). Nat. Volatiles & Essent. Oils. 2020; 7(3): 29-50. |
| Vancouver | Llorens-moli̇na J , Vacas S , Burgals E , Santamari̇na M , Verdeguer M . Chemodiversity of wild populations of aromatic plants as source of valuable essential oil profiles. A study on Thymus vulgaris L. from Valencia (Spain). Natural Volatiles and Essential Oils. 2020; 7(3): 29-50. |
FULL TEXT: NVEO 2020, Volume 7, Issue 3, Pages 29-50
